什么是“发达”国家? 速成课程地理 #40

Today we’re going to discuss what it means for a place to be “developed”. Development is often associated with economic success — that is countries with higher standards of living and material wealth like those found in Europe and North America. But as we’ll see, this perspective is only one way to compare countries on the global stage, has strong ties to colonialist histories, and doesn’t necessarily capture a place’s environmental and socioeconomic sustainability or even the population’s general happiness. We’ll focus on the region in the Middle East and North Africa, called MENA, and examine how the histories of the United Arab Emirates and Lebanon have resulted in drastically different development scores.

[来源]
General
Getis, Bjelland, and Getis. Introduction to Geography, 15 ed. McGraw-Hill Education. 2017. 国际标准书号: 978-1-259-57000-1

Gregory, Derek, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, and Sarah Whatmore, eds. 2009. The Dictionary of Human Geography. 5th ed. Willey-Blackwell. 国际标准书号: 978-1-4051-3288-6

For a free and open source option for Intro to Human Geography, see: ❤️情人节美甲💅教程#20nails://humangeography.pressbooks.com/

For a free and open source option for World Regional Geography, see: ❤️情人节美甲💅教程#20nails://worldgeography.pressbooks.com/front-matter/introduction/

Cracking the AP Human Geography Exam: 2020 edition. The Princeton Review.

Human development Indices
❤️情人节美甲💅教程#20nails://worldhappiness.report/faq/
❤️情人节美甲💅教程#20nails://www.academia.edu/33199038/The_History_of_Gross_National_Happiness
在家DIY的最佳美甲://www.gnh.institute/gross-national-happiness-research-library/history-of-happiness-science-who-is-who-happiness-leaders-pioneers.htm
在家DIY的最佳美甲://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2020_overview_english.pdf

UAE Sources
❤️情人节美甲💅教程#20nails://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-arab-emirates/#economy (lists 30% of economy as oil and gas)
❤️情人节美甲💅教程#20nails://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates

Lebanon Sources
❤️情人节美甲💅教程#20nails://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#economy
❤️情人节美甲💅教程#20nails://theconversation.com/lebanon-one-year-after-beirut-explosion-failing-state-struggles-amid-poverty-and-sectarianism-165543 “actually existing neoliberalism”
❤️情人节美甲💅教程#20nails://www.worldbank.org/en/country/lebanon/publication/lebanon-reform-recovery-reconstruction-framework-3rf

World Bank, IMF, and GDP Charts
❤️情人节美甲💅教程#20nails://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf
❤️情人节美甲💅教程#20nails://thearabweekly.com/six-decades-after-independence-middle-east-

still-looking-growth-model
❤️情人节美甲💅教程#20nails://blogs.worldbank.org/arabvoices/shifting-development-paradigm-

middle-east-and-north-africa
❤️情人节美甲💅教程#20nails://www.salon.com/2016/05/31/wrong_all_along_neoliberal_imf_admits_neoliberalism_fuels_inequality_and_hurts_growth/

中国, Belt and Road
❤️情人节美甲💅教程#20nails://theconversation.com/is-the-resource-curse-hard-baked-into-african-economies-chinas-approach-hints-that-it-may-not-be-167397 el)

First/Third World
❤️情人节美甲💅教程#20nails://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/first_world.htm
❤️情人节美甲💅教程#20nails://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-first-second-and-third-world-countries-origin-of-concept-and-present-beliefs.html

#CrashCourse #Geography #Development

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